{ "id": "conv_20251103_111243_234", "title": "帮我查一下学术上搞高程数据可视化一般给地形用什么配色", "created_at": "2025-11-03T11:12:43.234623", "updated_at": "2025-11-03T13:56:35.402381", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "帮我查一下学术上搞高程数据可视化一般给地形用什么配色", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:17.700477" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "我来帮您查找学术上高程数据可视化中地形配色的相关信息。", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:20.313827" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:20.316598", "tool_calls": [ { "id": "web_search:0", "index": 0, "type": "function", "function": { "name": "web_search", "arguments": "{\"query\": \"高程数据可视化 地形配色 学术研究 elevation data visualization color scheme\", \"max_results\": 10}" } } ] }, { "role": "tool", "content": "{\"success\": true, \"summary\": \"🔍 搜索查询: 高程数据可视化 地形配色 学术研究 elevation data visualization color scheme\\n📅 搜索时间: 2025-11-03T11:13:25.661367\\n🎯 过滤条件: Topic: general\\n\\n📝 AI摘要:\\nHigh elevation data visualization often uses color schemes to represent terrain features. Suitable color palettes must be accessible and color-blind friendly. Advanced tools can automatically generate detailed terrain maps from various data inputs.\\n\\n---\\n\\n📊 搜索结果:\\n\\n1. [PDF] 國立臺灣大學理學院地理環境資源所碩士論文中學生對地圖色彩之感受\\n 🔗 https://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/retrieve/9582b175-f191-4c32-8e40-2dc9dd84f458/ntu-112-1.pdf\\n 📄 化之統計數據在本研究中看出彼此相輔相成，從文字描述中得知許多同學是因閱. 圖 ... 藉由顏色的深淺變化判讀出地形起伏，這種方法加強了高程. 分布的直觀印象，如圖\\n\\n2. Choosing Suitable Color Palettes for Accessible and Accurate ...\\n 🔗 https://currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpz1.1126\\n 📄 This can only be achieved if all palettes are color-blind friendly (which includes readability for more common forms of color-vision deficiencies) and all color gradients used to scale or map data are...\\n\\n3. 地形图如何生成？地形地图制作工具及应用场景 - 帆软报表\\n 🔗 https://www.finereport.com/blog/article/68d6484fd2527e0eb7c03831\\n 📄 企业报表专家发表于 2025年9月26日 16:01:19 你有没有发现，**地形图的生成变得越来越“智能化”**了？过去，测绘队员背着仪器、翻山越岭，绘制一张地形图要花数周甚至数月。如今，**三维地形图、实时动态地图，甚至地形可视化大屏**，只需几步操作即可生成。地形地图制作不再是地理信息专家的“专利”，企业数据分析师、数字化运营人员，甚至普通用户，在业务决策、项目规划、灾害预警等场景中，都能用...\\n\\n4. Visualization of Features in 3D Terrain\\n 🔗 https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/6/11/357\\n 📄 visualization; rendering; terrain; geo-spatial data; trajectory; feature; realtime To design 3D terrain visualizations that communicate features of the surface’s topography and geo-spatial data, many ...\\n\\n5. 地球信息科学学报\\n 🔗 https://www.dqxxkx.cn/CN/1560-8999/home.shtml\\n 📄 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" **【目的】**随着全球在轨地球观测卫星数量的快速增长，遥感数据呈现爆炸式积累，为地球系统科学研究提供了动态认知全球变化的前所未有机遇；与此同时，也伴生多源异构、标注稀缺、任务泛化不足与数据过载等一系列挑战。**【方法】**为应对这些瓶颈问题， Google DeepMind 提出了 AlphaEarth Foundations（AEF），通过整合...\\n\\n6. https://opendata.wra.gov.tw/api/v2/04e9be50-ec9f-4...\\n 🔗 https://opendata.wra.gov.tw/api/v2/04e9be50-ec9f-4f82-bd8c-3b508464a19a?limit=1000&sort=_importdate%20desc&format=CSV\\n 📄 ... 中的一部分，海淡機組力求縮短工期，即時上線供水，完工後將經由輸水管線至自來水 ... 地形坡陡流急使得降雨難以有效保留運用，再加上近年全球氣候變遷之影響，豐\\n\\n7. 11 Color Theory Principles That Transform Modern Maps\\n 🔗 https://www.maplibrary.org/1534/examining-the-role-of-color-theory-in-cartography/\\n 📄 In cartography the color wheel helps you select contrasting hues for feature distinction layering information and creating visual hierarchies across your maps. ## Selecting Appropriate Color Schemes f...\\n\\n8. [PDF] 國土測繪與空間資訊 - 內政部\\n 🔗 https://ws.moi.gov.tw/001/Upload/OldFile_NLSC/up_page/file/%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A/journal-106-1.pdf\\n 📄 (Chiba et al., 2008)進一步將尾根谷. 度圖與地形坡度之關係，配合紅黑色階直接表現出紅色地圖，此技術已廣泛應用於. 地形學、地理學與地質學等領域，並對地形判釋有不錯的\\n\\n9. Colours and maps for communicating natural hazards to ...\\n 🔗 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420922002539\\n 📄 # Colours and maps for communicating natural hazards to users with and without colour vision deficiency Natural hazards are often communicated visually using colours and maps. In survey 1 (n = 79), we...\\n\\n10. [PDF] 写在前面 - TopoToolbox\\n 🔗 https://topotoolbox.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/topotoolbox_chinese.pdf\\n 📄 [DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.12.002] 13 历史 本用户指南最后更新：2013 年6 月19 日。 253/270 绘制ksn 值 1 背景 河流剖面以沿上游方向迁移临界点的形式携带有关构造和/或气候扰动的信息。绘制ksn 值 提供了一种方法来量化与对数通道长度分布的偏差， 从而能够检测和可视化流网络中的这些 位置。 ksn 值背后的基本假设是泥沙运输/切割的流...\", \"filters\": {\"topic\": \"general\"}, \"query\": \"高程数据可视化 地形配色 学术研究 elevation data visualization color scheme\", \"results\": [{\"index\": 1, \"title\": \"[PDF] 國立臺灣大學理學院地理環境資源所碩士論文中學生對地圖色彩之感受\", \"url\": \"https://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/retrieve/9582b175-f191-4c32-8e40-2dc9dd84f458/ntu-112-1.pdf\", \"content\": \"化之統計數據在本研究中看出彼此相輔相成，從文字描述中得知許多同學是因閱. 圖 ... 藉由顏色的深淺變化判讀出地形起伏，這種方法加強了高程. 分布的直觀印象，如圖\", \"score\": 0.98558, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 2, \"title\": \"Choosing Suitable Color Palettes for Accessible and Accurate ...\", \"url\": \"https://currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpz1.1126\", \"content\": \"This can only be achieved if all palettes are color-blind friendly (which includes readability for more common forms of color-vision deficiencies) and all color gradients used to scale or map data are perceptually uniform and ordered. To continue creating meaningful and widespread changes across all science disciplines and, importantly, to maintain it, we need a wide base of academics who continue to support the accurate and inclusive use of color in what is likely the most widely used scientific methodology: data visualization. Having scientific color maps in more common software tools, such as the ones from Adobe, Affinity, Microsoft, or Apple would tremendously boost accurate and accessible color use in data visualization. Offering mandatory university classes on scientific visualization would have the most long-term impact, fostering community-wide science-proof use of color across generations of researchers.\", \"score\": 0.97575, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 3, \"title\": \"地形图如何生成？地形地图制作工具及应用场景 - 帆软报表\", \"url\": \"https://www.finereport.com/blog/article/68d6484fd2527e0eb7c03831\", \"content\": \"企业报表专家发表于 2025年9月26日 16:01:19 你有没有发现，**地形图的生成变得越来越“智能化”**了？过去，测绘队员背着仪器、翻山越岭，绘制一张地形图要花数周甚至数月。如今，**三维地形图、实时动态地图，甚至地形可视化大屏**，只需几步操作即可生成。地形地图制作不再是地理信息专家的“专利”，企业数据分析师、数字化运营人员，甚至普通用户，在业务决策、项目规划、灾害预警等场景中，都能用地形图说话。**你是否也在苦恼：地形图到底如何生成？有哪些主流工具？不同工具又适合哪些应用场景？**本文将从底层原理、主流工具、行业应用、未来趋势四个维度，深入解析地形地图制作的全过程，并结合中国实际案例与文献，帮你真正**搞懂地形图生成的核心逻辑，明明白白选对工具，少走冤枉路**。 | 数据采集方法 | 适用范围 | 精度 | 成本 | 常见应用场景 | | 建模步骤 | 核心算法/方法 | 输出成果 | 典型工具 | 技术难点 | | 输出格式 | 适合用途 | 优势 | 劣势 | 示例工具 | ## 🧑‍💻 二、主流地形地图制作工具对比与选型 | 工具名称 | 适用人群 | 核心功能 | 优势 | 劣势 | * **Mapbox**：支持地形底图加载、地图定制和数据可视化，开发者友好，可嵌入到企业应用或网站。 | 平台名称 | 适用场景 | 核心优势 | 局限性 | 典型应用 | | Mapbox | 应用开发、可视化 | 开发友好、易集成 | 专业分析能力有限 | 企业地图、数据大屏 | | 工具名称 | 地形数据支持 | 业务数据融合 | 可视化能力 | 典型行业 | 2. **软件自动生成** 现在各种GIS（地理信息系统）和可视化工具都能一键生成地形图。原理通常是：先收集空间数据（常见的有DEM数字高程模型、激光雷达点云、GPS测量数据），导入软件（比如ArcGIS、QGIS、FineReport等），根据设定参数自动生成等高线、坡度、色带等。 | 方法 | 精度 | 操作门槛 | 耗时 | 适用场景 | | 软件自动生成 | 中～超高 | 低～中 | 极短 | 工程设计、城市规划、数据分析 | ### 🧑‍💻 新手怎么用软件做地形地图？有没有推荐的工具和操作小技巧？ 2025年9月26日 2025年9月26日 2025年9月26日 2025年9月26日 电话热线：400-811-8890转1 紧急服务热线：400-811-8890转2\", \"score\": 0.96944, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 4, \"title\": \"Visualization of Features in 3D Terrain\", \"url\": \"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/6/11/357\", \"content\": \"visualization; rendering; terrain; geo-spatial data; trajectory; feature; realtime To design 3D terrain visualizations that communicate features of the surface’s topography and geo-spatial data, many different options must be considered. We argued that emphasizing local and global features with regard to terrain topography, geo-spatial numerical data as well as geometrical data is an important requirement for appropriate visualizations. For instance, visualizing geo-spatial data by intrinsic techniques on top of the terrain surface impedes the analysis of local features of the terrain topography and vice versa. **Figure 16.** Visualizing terrain using different render methods and parameters: In (**a**), edge enhancement combined with elevation-coloring is used; in (**b**), a global illumination model is applied, and, in (**c**), volumetric lighting is added.\", \"score\": 0.96633, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 5, \"title\": \"地球信息科学学报\", \"url\": \"https://www.dqxxkx.cn/CN/1560-8999/home.shtml\", \"content\": \"专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" **【目的】**随着全球在轨地球观测卫星数量的快速增长，遥感数据呈现爆炸式积累，为地球系统科学研究提供了动态认知全球变化的前所未有机遇；与此同时，也伴生多源异构、标注稀缺、任务泛化不足与数据过载等一系列挑战。**【方法】**为应对这些瓶颈问题， Google DeepMind 提出了 AlphaEarth Foundations（AEF），通过整合光学、SAR、LiDAR、气候模拟及文本等多模态数据，构建统一的64 维嵌入表征场，实现了跨模态、跨时空的语义一致性的数据融合，并在 Google Earth Engine 等平台开放。**【结果】**AEF的主要贡献体现在： ① 缓解了长期存在的“数据孤岛”问题，建立了全球一致的嵌入层； ② 通过 vMF 球面嵌入机制提升了语义相似性度量能力，支持高效的检索与变化检测； ③ 将复杂的预处理与特征工程前置于预训练阶段，使下游应用进入“分析就绪”状态，大幅降低了应用成本。论文指出，AEF 的应用潜力释放可分为3个阶段：首先是地表覆盖分类与变化检测；其次是嵌入向量与物理模型深度耦合，推动科学发现；最后有望演化为空间智能基座，成为全球地理空间智能服务的一种基础设施。尽管如此， AEF仍面临若干挑战： ① 嵌入向量可解释性不足，限制了科学归因和因果分析； ② 域迁移与跨场景适应性存在不确定性，极端环境下的鲁棒性有待验证； ③ 性能优势需要更多跨区域、独立实验的实证支撑。**【结论】**AEF 以其在数据效率和跨任务泛化方面的突破，代表了遥感与地理空间人工智能研究的新方向，为未来地学研究提供了坚实支撑，但其进一步发展依据可解释性、鲁棒性及真实性验证的持续提升，并将64维嵌入向量通过不同途径转化为可广泛使用的数据资源。 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" + 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\"专栏导言 + 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" + 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" **【目的】**跨视角图像地理定位技术能够建立起图像与现实地理空间的关联映射，对进一步挖掘图像背后蕴含的多种属性具有重要研究价值。近年来大多数基于深度学习的跨视角图像地理定位算法过分关注于影像内容，导致网络对于低级细节过度拟合，而缺乏对于几何空间布局的提取能力，因此在评估数据集上精度不佳。**【方法】**从上述问题出发，为了进一步提高跨视角图像地理定位算法的性能，本文设计了一种基于几何关系约束的跨视角图像检索定位算法。首先推导了地面全景影像的成像原理，并凭借球形坐标系与平面直角坐标系之间的映射关系实现地面影像视角的转换，以达到跨域匹配影像之间初步的几何相似性对齐。其次设计了CNN联合Transformer的特征提取算子，能够在提取影像视觉内容特征的同时，挖掘局部特征之间的几何空间配置信息，从而约束视角变化带来的内容、尺度等差异。此外，为了抑制经过几何映射转换后地面影像的畸变信息，设计了基于关系亲和矩阵的特征自交互模块，旨在通过计算局部特征间的相关性，实现前景信息和背景信息的分离，并最终达到突出关键前景信息的目的。最后通过引入特征聚合模块生成全局特征描述符并完成匹配定位。**【结果】**经过在CVACT\\\\_val、CVUSA以及VIGOR 3个公开数据集的完整数据上进行实验，本算法取得了相对优异的结果，其中在3个数据集上Top1影像的召回率分别达到了89.28%、96.42%和62.21%，与同类型算法GeoDTR相比取得了3.07%、1.04%和3.2%的精度提升。**【结论】**研究证明了本算法的优越性以及在不同应用场景下的适应能力。 + 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" **【目的】**建模城市驾驶场景显著性是提高驾驶系统智能化水平的重要研究方向。现有显著性建模方法通常忽略组合对象特征提取和时空特征动态变化，多要素特征交互传递效率低，无法满足城市驾驶场景显著性预测高精度、高效率的应用需求。**【方法】**本文基于多要素特征融合思想，提出一种针对驾驶场景视觉显著性的预测和建模方法。首先使用计算机视觉技术提取量化场景图像颜色、纹理特征；其次引入高差阈值比、胡矩、傅里叶描述重点关注组合对象并提取其形状特征；然后利用三维卷积网络提取连续场景图像中包含的时空特征；最后基于长短期记忆网络，通过替换特征层的方式设计显著性融合模块融合颜色、纹理、形状、时空多要素特征，使用显著性图解码方式实现显著性预测和热力图可视化。**【结果】**本文与5种方法在郑州市采集的驾驶场景数据集中展开对比实验，使用AUC值对模型进行评价，模型预测精度达到91.12%，明显优于其他方法，并在DADA、Dr(eye)ve、Deng等公开数据集中得到有效验证。**【结论】**本文方法能够在提高预测精度同时保持计算效率，并兼顾场景中组合对象分布和时空变化细节，有助于推动感知技术从独立任务模型向认知耦合系统转变。 + 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" **【目的】**近年来，研究者开始关注个体对于地图的心理体验，并发现了个体的空间认知风格和所接受的信息材料对地图体验的重要性。**【方法】**本研究采用空间认知风格测验对被试进行分类，同时对导航地图的模式和尺度大小进行操纵来开展研究，致力于探讨在离线表征视角下，个体的空间认知风格与导航地图呈现模式之间的最佳匹配。**【结果】**数据分析结果发现： ① 地标型个体的任务表现最差，路径型个体次之，纵览型个体的表现最好； ② 相比于相对方向判断任务，个体在方向指向任务上表现得更好； ③ 个体在学习大尺度地图后的任务表现比学习小尺度地图后的更好； ④ 无论是在学习了大尺度地图还是小尺度地图后，地标型个体的方向指向任务正确率均明显高于相对方向判断任务，路径型个体在这两种任务中的正确率均没有显著差异；纵览型个体虽然在学习大尺度地图后， 2种任务的正确率没有明显差别，但他们在学习小尺度地图后的方向指向任务正确率显著高于相对方向判断任务。**【结论】**不同空间认知风格个体的任务表现有着显著差异，而且个体往往更容易从自身位置对目标进行判断。此外，研究结果也表明使用大尺度地图更有利于个体判断目标位置，而且不同空间认知风格个体在使用不同尺度地图后，他们在不同任务上的表现也有所不同，这在一定程度上说明了个体的空间认知风格与导航地图呈现模式之间存在最佳适配关系。总的来说，这些发现对于提升个体的导航地图使用体验具有重要意义，也为地图设计者和开发人员提供了建议与指导。 + 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" 张彩丽, 向隆刚, 李雅丽, 王丽美, 侯绍洋, 于倩 **【目的】**交叉口车道级转向信息不仅可以帮助交管部门管控平面路口交通，实现大规模车辆在交叉口的有序流动，还能避免司机因选错车道而绕路行驶，是精准导航服务的关键信息。考虑到众源轨迹数据成本低、更新快，本文基于众源轨迹数据开展了平面交叉口车道转向信息识别研究。**【方法】**首先，在道路网及轨迹数据处理基础上，进行交叉口引导区轨迹提取、多角度去噪及高斯混合模型聚类，开展路段交叉口车道空间确定；然后在此基础上完成车道转向轨迹的横向及纵向统计，进行噪声转向剔除；最后顾及不同车道转向轨迹分布信息，设计了不同车道转向信息识别规则进行车道转向信息探测。**【结果】**为验证方法的有效性，选取了北京市2个区域的OpenStreetMap(OSM)路网数据及众源轨迹数据，以城市主干道且具有代表性的10个交叉口为研究对象进行试验，得到如下研究结果： ① 基于原始轨迹数据，采用一天轨迹、高峰时段轨迹及平峰时段轨迹进行车道转向识别，识别准确率分别达到74.3%、72.7%、55.7%； ② 原始数据加密及抽稀之后，随着采样频率的增加，本文方法识别准确率整体逐渐增加，在3 s加密时达到最大，为77.0%； ③ 在与阈值分割法、不剔除噪声转向法及拓扑连接法对比实验中，本文方法具有一定的优势。**【结论】**基于众源轨迹数据进行车道级转向识别研究对智能交通、自动驾驶具有重要意义，本文所采用的算法和技术以及研究结论为后续研究者提供了宝贵的参考及借鉴，促进智能交通系统相关技术的不断创新与应用。 + 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" 邓媛媛, 向隆刚, 焦凤伟 **【目的】**立交桥是城市交通的枢纽和交通基础设施的重要组成部分，提取精细的立交桥结构对交通规划和车辆导航有重要意义。轨迹数据凭借成本低、数据量大、实时性高，且包含大量行车语义信息的优势，成为路网信息提取的重要数据源。然而，由于立交桥的层次结构与转向关系较一般交叉口都更为复杂，使用缺少高程信息的轨迹数据提取精细的立交桥结构充满挑战。**【方法】**本文顾及轨迹点的宏观有序连接与微观相似集聚，提出一种正逆向追踪与融合的立交桥结构自动提取方法。首先，基于特征约束规则滤选出位于立交桥主体的轨迹集合；然后，经潜在分岔点感知验证、基于流聚类的轨迹分流，正向或逆向地递归追踪得到立交桥子结构；最后，据表征同一地理位置的分岔点，分别融合正向或逆向追踪的所有子结构，再以正向追踪融合结构为基础，融入逆向追踪所得汇合点信息，提取到完整的车行道级立交桥二维结构。**【结果】**使用深圳市的众源轨迹数据进行立交桥结构提取试验，提取结果的总体*GEO*精确度达95.50%，总体*TOPO*达88.96%。**【结论】**试验结果表明本文方法能有效提取立交桥的几何结构与拓扑信息。 + 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" **【目的】**道路目标检测是LiDAR点云的重要应用方向之一。许多基于点云的检测方法在处理大型目标、近距离目标或简单场景下的目标时性能表现良好。但由于LiDAR点云过于稀疏，缺乏RGB图像的纹理信息，导致其在面对小目标、远距离目标或复杂道路环境下的目标时，误检率和漏检率较大。**【方法】**为改善复杂场景下的道路目标检测效果，本文以PointRCNN作为基线网络，提出了一种基于RGB图像和LiDAR点云的双分支多阶段融合检测网络，称为EPG2LFusion。该网络包含以下两点改进：首先，针对现有卷积神经网络提取图像特征时普遍受到感受野限制的问题，在图像分支中设计了一种名为WaveDSConv的卷积模块，其结合了小波变换卷积与深度可分离卷积来增强图像全局特征的提取质量，从而提升融合后的目标检测性能；其次，针对点云和图像2种不同模态数据难以直接融合的问题，提出了融合模块G2L-Fusion，通过投影矩阵建立点云和图像之间精确的点-像素对应关系，并有效地利用通道注意力机制在多个阶段融合两种模态数据之间的全局信息与局部信息。**【结果】**所提方法在KITTI基准数据集上进行了多个类别（汽车、行人、骑行者）的道路目标检测任务，对所有类别的平均检测精度为65.21%，相比基线网络提升了4.88%；在具有挑战性的中等难度下的行人目标类别上实现了45.86%的平均检测精度，与现有先进算法相比具有竞争性。**【结论】**结果表明，本文算法利用RGB图像丰富的纹理特征弥补了LiDAR点云稀疏性的不足，提高了对常见道路目标的检测精度。 + 专栏: \\\"跨域空间高精度地图与智能导航控制\\\" **【目的】**多无人机路径规划是保障无人机群在复杂环境中高效协同作业的关键技术，其本质为可行域稀疏的约束多目标优化问题。进化算法因具备较强的全局搜索能力，已被广泛应用于该类问题的求解。然而，现有方法在路径初始化阶段往往忽略路径的空间结构特征，在路径重生成阶段则主要依赖通用的随机搜索算子，缺乏对适应度函数和无人机与飞行环境空间关系的有效利用，限制了算法在有限计算资源下获取高质量全局可行解的能力。**【方法】**本文提出一种面向多无人机路径规划的多源启发式进化算法（MSHEA）。该算法通过引入路径空间结构、适应度信息及飞行环境特征等多源启发式信息，分别优化路径初始化与重生成过程：设计按序有向膨胀策略，生成兼具空间合理性和解空间覆盖性的高质量初始路径集合；构建融合适应度与飞行环境信息的路径重生成机制，有效提升不可行路径的修复效率与可行路径的局部优化能力。**【结果】**基于8组不同复杂度的公开多无人机路径规划基准数据开展实证验证，结果表明MSHEA在不同飞行场景下均展现出优越的求解性能和较高的稳定性： ① 相比次优基准算法，其超体积指标提升1%~6%，反世代距离指标降低6%~81%； ② 所设计的路径初始化策略与重生成机制在提升算法性能方面均发挥了显著作用； ③ 对新增超参数的敏感性较低，具有良好的适应性与通用性。**【结论】**MSHEA通过引入多源启发式信息显著增强了多无人机路径规划的求解能力，为多机协同作业任务中的路径优化问题提供了稳健可靠的技术支撑。 **【目的】**现实世界的地形千变万化，提取地形特征点时，合理的弯曲划分是提取地形特征点的关键环节，其中伪弯曲划分对准确提取地形分支、地性线至关重要，现有研究采用单一的合并方式对伪弯曲进行处理，然而真实的地形形态复杂多样，致使单一的伪弯曲合并方法适用性有限，无法准确提取不同地形场景中的地形分支。此外，受限于数据精度，基于几何指标的方法提取地形特征点易受噪声点和指标自身相互干扰等影响，因而，提取理想地形特征点仍然具有相当挑战。**【方法】**本文基于约束Delaunay三角网识别等高线弯曲建立一种兼顾等高线两侧弯曲几何结构的弯曲多叉树模型，进而运用该模型甄别3种不同伪弯曲类型，并针对不同地形条件下的伪弯曲现象进行识别与处理。该方法依据约束Delaunay三角网的结构对伪弯曲进行分类，进而对地形分支做出准确的识别，使得地性线的分布符合“叶脉状”地貌结构特征。在此基础上，本文提出加权指标法，旨在降低噪声点及指标间相互干扰对地形特征点提取的影响。**【结果】**本文选取3处地形复杂区域进行实验，通过将弯曲多叉树模型同约束Delaunay三角网结合，识别地形分支并提取地形特征点，定量评价表明： ① 在地形特征点提取方面，本文加权指标法相较于指标计算法和多准则法，绝对误差显著降低，残差分布方差减小10%~55%，有效抑制了噪声点对地形特征点选取的干扰； ② 在地形分支提取方面，本文方法提取的地性线总长度更长，地形分支完整性相较于其他方法增加了9%~44%，更全面地反映了实际地形的复杂分支结构。**【结论】**本文提出的伪弯曲划分方法能准确识别地形分支，地形特征点提取精度亦显著优于当前基于几何指标的方法，经过伪弯曲划分后所提取的地性线形态与实际地形吻合度更高，结构性更强。 **【目的】**行政区划作为国家治理体系的核心空间单元与时空基准，其沿革过程深刻映射了国家空间治理对政治、经济、社会等多重因素变迁的动态响应。针对当前行政区划沿革研究在方法上过度依赖以年度为单位的静态数据，难以有效揭示变更过程中的具体行为时序以及因果机制等问题。**【方法】**本文提出一种事件视角下的行政区划沿革知识图谱构建方法。通过将行政区划变更抽象为事件并进行分类，提出从对象、事件与过程3个层次建立行政区划沿革知识表达模型，并设计包含对象、事件、属性、时间及法律依据等多类节点的知识图谱表示方式，结合多层关系模式揭示事件、对象与属性之间的逻辑联系。**【结果】**基于1949年以来扬州市行政区划变更数据，构建了事件驱动的行政区划沿革知识图谱，实现了扬州市自1949年以来的完整生命周期轨迹表达，清晰刻画了与相关行政区划之间的具体变更行为及其因果逻辑关系。**【结论】**该方法突破了传统以年度为单位的静态记录方式，实现了对沿革过程的细粒度、时序化动态刻画，能够更精确地揭示行政区划演变的动态过程与时序逻辑，为国家空间治理与数字经济建设提供可推演、可追溯的时空知识基座。 钟诚, 吴升, 王培晓, 张恒才, 程诗奋, 陆锋 **【目的】**交通流预测对于城市管理、智能交通至关重要。针对交通流数据中由外部干扰、突发事件等导致的异常数据、蕴含的复杂时空信息等问题。**【方法】**本文提出了一种考虑异常数据的多层神经网络预测模型（MLNN-CAD）。考虑孤立森林算法因参数单一而存在异常识别不精确的问题，结合各交通参数间的约束关系与交通流内在结构和规律，提出多级孤立森林算法，以提高异常数据识别精度；结合节点间的距离、皮尔逊相关系数及交通流量构建异常影响动态图，弥补传统M阶矩阵存在的缺陷，精准捕获异常影响动态范围；结合交通拥堵指数构建重要节点动态图，解决由节点出入都筛选重要区域的不足，并捕获交通流局部动态信息。融合图卷积网络（GCN）与含残差链接的多层图注意力网络（ResGAT），提取交通流的全局、异常影响及重要节点各动态空间信息。利用Informer提取全局时空信息，扩展长短期记忆网络（XLSTM）提取异常影响和重要节点时空信息，并通过卷积融合层获取交通流预测值。**【结果】**研究采用2018年1月1日—2月18日的PeMS04及PeMS08真实交通流量数据对本文模型预测精度进行验证。结果表明，本文模型优于Informer、XLSTM、STSGCN、STFGCN、VMD-AGCGRN等现有模型，相较于VMD-AGCGRN在PeMS04数据集上*MAE、RMSE*及*MAPE*提升7.68%、10.36%、6.06%。 **【结论】**本文所提出的MLNN-CAD模型为异常数据下的短时交通流预测提供了具有可行性的理论基础。 **【目的】**地理学研究，尤其是对新兴地理概念的研究，受限于学科固有的复杂性以及多元研究视角，不同研究主体在认知取向和关注重点上常常存在差异，进而导致概念表述呈现多样化与异质性，影响领域知识的有效检索与系统整合。以文本主题模型为代表的地理研究主题提取方法为解决上述问题提供了关键技术路径，然而现有模型在语义解析与表达过程中存在可解释性不足的问题，呈现出“黑箱”特征，限制了该方法的实际应用。**【方法】**本研究以具有多学科交叉特征的“小微湿地”概念为例，提出一种基于BERT-LDA集成模型的地理研究主题提取方法。该方法融合BERT模型在长文本语义理解方面的优势与LDA模型在主题可解释性方面的能力，从大量期刊论文中提取并揭示小微湿地的研究主题及其内在关联，并通过构建论文检索规则，促进领域知识的深化与拓展。**【结果】**将论文中词语的高维语义特征向量有效嵌入低维主题空间，并在关键词主题影响力的计算过程中，引入特征融合调节因子，能够提升文本主题模型的语义解析与表达能力，克服现有模型的“黑箱”局限性。同时，所提出的模型迭代运行方式，能够逐步提升输出主题的区分度和代表性，并优化关键词在对应主题语义空间中的分布结构。基于万方数据库检索的 2012—2022年出版的4 606篇中文期刊论文，集成模型识别出“湿地污染净化” “城市湿地公园” “池塘水产养殖”是小微湿地的三大研究主题，进一步提取并构建由“植物” “去除” “污水” “微生物” “城市” “景观”等11个关键词构成的112条论文检索规则，实现在不依赖具体术语和命名的条件下，对领域相关论文的有效检索。**【结论】**在地理学综合性与交叉性的研究背景下，本文提出的方法能够从知识工程角度，有效整合因术语多样化和命名异质性而造成的分散化的领域知识，为提升学术知识挖掘方法的可解释性提供可行路径。同时，研究成果对小微湿地的保护与管理实践具有一定参考价值。\", \"score\": 0.96488, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 6, \"title\": \"https://opendata.wra.gov.tw/api/v2/04e9be50-ec9f-4...\", \"url\": \"https://opendata.wra.gov.tw/api/v2/04e9be50-ec9f-4f82-bd8c-3b508464a19a?limit=1000&sort=_importdate%20desc&format=CSV\", \"content\": \"... 中的一部分，海淡機組力求縮短工期，即時上線供水，完工後將經由輸水管線至自來水 ... 地形坡陡流急使得降雨難以有效保留運用，再加上近年全球氣候變遷之影響，豐\", \"score\": 0.96065, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 7, \"title\": \"11 Color Theory Principles That Transform Modern Maps\", \"url\": \"https://www.maplibrary.org/1534/examining-the-role-of-color-theory-in-cartography/\", \"content\": \"In cartography the color wheel helps you select contrasting hues for feature distinction layering information and creating visual hierarchies across your maps. ## Selecting Appropriate Color Schemes for Different Map Types Digital mapping platforms require specific color considerations to ensure maps display correctly across different devices and screens while maintaining their visual integrity. ### Interactive Map Color Requirements Follow established color guidelines from major mapping organizations like the USGS International Hydrographic Organization & OpenStreetMap. Maintain consistent RGB values of 0 102 204 for water features & use elevation-appropriate terrain colors from light tan (lowlands) to dark brown (highlands). Whether you’re designing for digital platforms or print media the strategic use of color schemes can significantly impact how your maps convey spatial information.\", \"score\": 0.96063, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 8, \"title\": \"[PDF] 國土測繪與空間資訊 - 內政部\", \"url\": \"https://ws.moi.gov.tw/001/Upload/OldFile_NLSC/up_page/file/%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A/journal-106-1.pdf\", \"content\": \"(Chiba et al., 2008)進一步將尾根谷. 度圖與地形坡度之關係，配合紅黑色階直接表現出紅色地圖，此技術已廣泛應用於. 地形學、地理學與地質學等領域，並對地形判釋有不錯的\", \"score\": 0.95724, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 9, \"title\": \"Colours and maps for communicating natural hazards to ...\", \"url\": \"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420922002539\", \"content\": \"# Colours and maps for communicating natural hazards to users with and without colour vision deficiency Natural hazards are often communicated visually using colours and maps. In survey 1 (n = 79), we tested four traffic light colour palettes, three map legends, and three map patterns used for communicating danger levels on the Norwegian website Varsom.no, to improve accessibility for individuals with and without colour vision deficiency (CVD). Results suggest that the colours, legends, and maps used on Varsom should be improved, and that danger levels are best communicated with the colour palette used by Meteoalarm.info €“ in combination with symbols to help users with CVD. Further studies and testing of users€™ understanding are recommended to improve clarity of danger level maps and to improve visualization of ATES classes 0 and 1 on maps.\", \"score\": 0.95406, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 10, \"title\": \"[PDF] 写在前面 - TopoToolbox\", \"url\": \"https://topotoolbox.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/topotoolbox_chinese.pdf\", \"content\": \"[DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.12.002] 13 历史 本用户指南最后更新：2013 年6 月19 日。 253/270 绘制ksn 值 1 背景 河流剖面以沿上游方向迁移临界点的形式携带有关构造和/或气候扰动的信息。绘制ksn 值 提供了一种方法来量化与对数通道长度分布的偏差， 从而能够检测和可视化流网络中的这些 位置。 ksn 值背后的基本假设是泥沙运输/切割的流动力模型适用， 例如， 泥沙运输或切割是水在下 游移动时能量消耗的函数。在地形演化的背景下，河流动力模型以以下（简化）形式编写 其中是指隆起率，是上坡面积， 是坡度，和 是系数。在稳定状态下，隆起和切 口过程处于平衡状态，因此在沿轮廓的每个点处 。因此，方程重新排列 方程被重写，以便于 并且 其中是 指归一化河道陡度， 是通道凹度。范围在 0.3 和 0.8 之间， 通常取值为 0.45。 它可以基于斜率-面积图（请参阅函数 slopearea）或-图（请参阅函数 chiplot）来确定。 2 加载并生成所需数据 DEM = GRIDobj('srtm_bigtujunga30m_utm11.tif'); FD = FLOWobj(DEM,'preprocess','carve'); A = flowacc(FD); DEM 的质量相对较差，因此我们通过施加向下的最小梯度来纠正它。 DEM = imposemin(FD,DEM,0.0001); 随后，我们通过对流量累积进行阈值化来提取河流网络。在这个例子中， 我们简单地假设河 254/270 道占据最小上坡面积为1000 像素的单元格。 S = STREAMobj(FD,'minarea',1000); S = klargestconncomps(S,1); 我们稍微修改了河流网络，以避免将冲积区包括在剖面的最下游部分。 S = modify(S,'distance',10000); 为了去除小流部分，我们再次提取网络的最大连接组件。 S = klargestconncomps(S,1); imageschs(DEM); hold on plot(S,'k') hold off plotdz(S,DEM) 255/270 3 计算凹度指数 提取感兴趣的河道网络后， 我们使用slopearea 函数计算凹度指数。 请注意， slopearea 返 回包含负号的凹度指数！ STATS = slopearea(S,DEM,A) Exiting: Maximum number of function evaluations has been exceeded - increase MaxFunEvals option.\", \"score\": 0.94939, \"published_date\": \"\"}], \"total_results\": 10}", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:25.665471", "tool_call_id": "web_search:0", "name": "web_search" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "让我搜索更具体的学术信息，关于地形高程可视化的标准配色方案。", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:30.055762" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:30.058931", "tool_calls": [ { "id": "web_search:1", "index": 0, "type": "function", "function": { "name": "web_search", "arguments": "{\"max_results\": 10, \"query\": \"地形高程配色方案 elevation color scheme hypsometric tinting academic research\"}" } } ] }, { "role": "tool", "content": "{\"success\": true, \"summary\": \"🔍 搜索查询: 地形高程配色方案 elevation color scheme hypsometric tinting academic research\\n📅 搜索时间: 2025-11-03T11:13:34.483724\\n🎯 过滤条件: Topic: general\\n\\n📝 AI摘要:\\nHypsometric tinting uses color gradients to represent elevation data on maps. It effectively conveys terrain height but can also mislead if not designed properly. GIS software often employs these schemes for accurate geographic representation.\\n\\n---\\n\\n📊 搜索结果:\\n\\n1. View of Evaluating Cross-blended Hypsometric Tints: A User Study ...\\n 🔗 https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/view/cp75-patterson-jenny/html\\n 📄 Their study found that color hypsometric tints accurately transmitted data concerning elevation, but also transmitted inaccurate and unintended information\\n\\n2. Automatic generation of hypsometric layers for small-scale maps\\n 🔗 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0098300409001368\\n 📄 This paper describes a new method for hypsometric tinting for small-scale maps. The method generalises digital elevation models by removing small\\n\\n3. Geographic information system software - Wikipedia\\n 🔗 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system_software\\n 📄 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\\n\\nFor broader coverage of this topic, see Geographic information system. [...] were also custom programs that were rarely available to other potential users. [...]...\\n\\n4. Applications of GIS | GIS Mapping Software | SGL\\n 🔗 https://www.sgligis.com/applications-of-gis/\\n 📄 Geographical Information System, better known by its abbreviation GIS, is a software that aids professionals to acquire, manage, analyse, and visually represent large amounts of geospatial data. This ...\\n\\n5. GIS (Geographic Information System)\\n 🔗 https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/geographic-information-system-gis/\\n 📄 Selected text level\\n\\n## Learning materials\\n\\n### Instructional Links\\n\\n View this resource on OER Commons\\n View this resource as a Google Doc\\n\\nA geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system ...\\n\\n6. 30 Best GIS Software Applications [Rankings]\\n 🔗 https://gisgeography.com/best-gis-software/\\n 📄 1. That would take ages to answer. You’ll need to be more specific about your retirements. You can do a lot with gvSIG, and it’s free to use. If suggest trying it and seeing if you need more. Then try...\\n\\n7. Applications of Geographic Information System - GIS Navigator\\n 🔗 https://gisnavigator.co.uk/applications-of-geographic-information-system/\\n 📄 GIS plays a vital role in geography by enabling the collection, analysis, and visualization of spatial data to address various challenges. It is widely used for creating detailed maps, analysing land ...\\n\\n8. Applications of Gis | Geographic Information System\\n 🔗 https://aigeo360.com/applications-of-gis/\\n 📄 GIS plays a crucial role in understanding and mitigating environmental degradation. It allows researchers to track changes in land cover, forest density, water bodies, and biodiversity over time using...\\n\\n9. GIS Examples, Applications & Use Cases - IBM\\n 🔗 https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/geographic-information-system-use-cases\\n 📄 GIS perform spatial analysis of geospatial datasets—consisting of vector data (points, lines and polygons) and raster data (cells with spatial information)—to produce connected visualizations. These m...\\n\\n10. Design and application of soil map annotation auto-configuration ...\\n 🔗 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327362343_Design_and_application_of_soil_map_annotation_auto-configuration_system_based_on_database-driven_technology\\n 📄 【Objective】Soil map annotation is an essential component of soil mapping to have a better understanding of soil genesis and distribution.\", \"filters\": {\"topic\": \"general\"}, \"query\": \"地形高程配色方案 elevation color scheme hypsometric tinting academic research\", \"results\": [{\"index\": 1, \"title\": \"View of Evaluating Cross-blended Hypsometric Tints: A User Study ...\", \"url\": \"https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/view/cp75-patterson-jenny/html\", \"content\": \"Their study found that color hypsometric tints accurately transmitted data concerning elevation, but also transmitted inaccurate and unintended information\", \"score\": 0.5423064, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 2, \"title\": \"Automatic generation of hypsometric layers for small-scale maps\", \"url\": \"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0098300409001368\", \"content\": \"This paper describes a new method for hypsometric tinting for small-scale maps. The method generalises digital elevation models by removing small\", \"score\": 0.45246392, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 3, \"title\": \"Geographic information system software - Wikipedia\", \"url\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system_software\", \"content\": \"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\\n\\nFor broader coverage of this topic, see Geographic information system. [...] were also custom programs that were rarely available to other potential users. [...] The earliest geographic information systems, such as the Canadian Geographic Information System started in 1963, were bespoke programs developed specifically for a single installation (usually a government agency), based on custom-designed data models. During the 1950s and 1960s, academic researchers during the quantitative revolution of geography began writing computer programs to perform spatial analysis, especially at the University of Washington and the University of Michigan, but these\", \"score\": 0.08477284, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 4, \"title\": \"Applications of GIS | GIS Mapping Software | SGL\", \"url\": \"https://www.sgligis.com/applications-of-gis/\", \"content\": \"Geographical Information System, better known by its abbreviation GIS, is a software that aids professionals to acquire, manage, analyse, and visually represent large amounts of geospatial data. This data helps to shape operational as well as strategic decisions around the world. The growth in GIS technology over past decades has led to proliferation of GIS applications in many sectors like government, industry, NGO, public bodies etc. It facilitates business by substantial saving of resources [...] much more. [...] 5. Environmental Management\", \"score\": 0.052468356, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 5, \"title\": \"GIS (Geographic Information System)\", \"url\": \"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/geographic-information-system-gis/\", \"content\": \"Selected text level\\n\\n## Learning materials\\n\\n### Instructional Links\\n\\n View this resource on OER Commons\\n View this resource as a Google Doc\\n\\nA geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. By relating seemingly unrelated data, GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns and relationships. [...] GIS technologycan be used to display spatial relationships and linear networks. Spatial relationships may display topography, such as agricultural fields and streams. They may also display land-use patterns, such as the location of parks and housing complexes. [...] For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.\\n\\n###### Media\", \"score\": 0.048105557, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 6, \"title\": \"30 Best GIS Software Applications [Rankings]\", \"url\": \"https://gisgeography.com/best-gis-software/\", \"content\": \"1. That would take ages to answer. You’ll need to be more specific about your retirements. You can do a lot with gvSIG, and it’s free to use. If suggest trying it and seeing if you need more. Then try QGIS. Qgis has a benefit , for me, that it is widely used and you can usually find online examples etc.\\n\\n Reply\\n28. Hello and thanks for the quick reply. [...] Unique toolsets for geoscience\\n Powerful for terrain and raster data\\n Command-line interpreter\\n 3D rendering and anaglyph tools\\n Geostatistics tools like kriging\\n GPL license offers freedom\\n Decent interoperability\\n User-friendly and robustness\\n\\nCONS\\n\\n Missing core documentation for many geoscience tools\\n Strange noise after running tool\\n Lack of cartography features and templates\\n Limited data editing and manipulation\\n No automatic topology error fixing\\n Lack of online web map publishing [...] Used mainly for research\\n 100% for Linux, Windows and Mac OS\\n OGC compliant\\n\\nCONS\\n\\n Light on cartographic and analysis tools\\n No open forum and community for discussion\\n\\n#1 open source GIS software as a newcomer\\n\\n### 31. Diva GIS\\n\\nDiva GIS is an open source GIS software package that’s simple and lightweight. Biologists use it for mapping biological richness and diversity distribution. It’s functional. But there’s not a lot here for mapping and functionality.\\n\\n1.5 stars\\n\\nPROS\", \"score\": 0.03596532, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 7, \"title\": \"Applications of Geographic Information System - GIS Navigator\", \"url\": \"https://gisnavigator.co.uk/applications-of-geographic-information-system/\", \"content\": \"GIS plays a vital role in geography by enabling the collection, analysis, and visualization of spatial data to address various challenges. It is widely used for creating detailed maps, analysing land use and land cover changes, and studying urbanization and population trends. GIS supports environmental management by monitoring resources like forests, water bodies, and wildlife habitats, while also assessing the impact of human activities on ecosystems. In disaster management, GIS helps identify [...] issues. [...] vulnerable areas, evaluate risks, and plan emergency responses. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights for sustainable development and climate change studies, making it an indispensable tool for geographers.\", \"score\": 0.029226275, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 8, \"title\": \"Applications of Gis | Geographic Information System\", \"url\": \"https://aigeo360.com/applications-of-gis/\", \"content\": \"GIS plays a crucial role in understanding and mitigating environmental degradation. It allows researchers to track changes in land cover, forest density, water bodies, and biodiversity over time using satellite data.\\n\\nThese insights are essential for identifying hotspots of ecological stress and initiating timely interventions to prevent irreversible damage. GIS also supports pollution control by mapping industrial emissions, runoff sources, and air quality trends. [...] GIS provides a data-rich lens through which land development and real estate decisions can be evaluated. It helps assess factors such as land elevation, proximity to amenities, zoning regulations, and historical land use.\\n\\nThese insights improve site selection accuracy, investment forecasting, and risk assessment in both urban and rural property development. [...] GIS is an indispensable tool for the strategic management of natural resources. By integrating geospatial datasets from remote sensing, field surveys, and historical records, stakeholders can monitor forests, water bodies, mineral reserves, and wetlands with greater precision.\\n\\nGIS allows decision-makers to detect trends such as over-extraction, illegal encroachment, or ecosystem degradation, enabling them to enforce regulations and take corrective action proactively.\", \"score\": 0.026197992, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 9, \"title\": \"GIS Examples, Applications & Use Cases - IBM\", \"url\": \"https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/geographic-information-system-use-cases\", \"content\": \"GIS perform spatial analysis of geospatial datasets—consisting of vector data (points, lines and polygons) and raster data (cells with spatial information)—to produce connected visualizations. These maps, graphs, statistics and cartograms display geographical features like location, natural resources, streets and buildings as well as demographics. In its most recognizable form, a GIS visualization is what you see when you route a trip on Google Maps.\\n\\nIndustry newsletter [...] # Examples and uses of GIS\\n\\nOne of the largest sources of data is all around us—that is, geospatial data. This is information relating to the Earth’s surface, its climate, the people who live on it, its ecosystems and more. Geographic information systems (GIS) visualize and make sense of this data, helping people and businesses better understand the patterns and relationships of our world. [...] to manage its portfolio of over nine million acres of land.\", \"score\": 0.019406376, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 10, \"title\": \"Design and application of soil map annotation auto-configuration ...\", \"url\": \"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327362343_Design_and_application_of_soil_map_annotation_auto-configuration_system_based_on_database-driven_technology\", \"content\": \"【Objective】Soil map annotation is an essential component of soil mapping to have a better understanding of soil genesis and distribution.\", \"score\": 0.018534167, \"published_date\": \"\"}], \"total_results\": 10}", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:34.487682", "tool_call_id": "web_search:1", "name": "web_search" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "让我提取更详细的信息，特别是关于高程配色的学术研究。", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:38.579539" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:38.582918", "tool_calls": [ { "id": "extract_webpage:2", "index": 0, "type": "function", "function": { "name": "extract_webpage", "arguments": "{\"url\": \"https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/view/cp75-patterson-jenny/html\"}" } } ] }, { "role": "tool", "content": "{\"success\": true, \"url\": \"https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/view/cp75-patterson-jenny/html\", \"content\": \"❌ 未能提取到任何内容\"}", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:42.413572", "tool_call_id": "extract_webpage:2", "name": "extract_webpage" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "让我搜索更多关于地形配色标准的学术资料。", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:46.785592" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:46.791575", "tool_calls": [ { "id": "web_search:3", "index": 0, "type": "function", "function": { "name": "web_search", "arguments": "{\"max_results\": 10, \"query\": \"\\\"hypsometric tinting\\\" \\\"elevation color scheme\\\" USGS topographic mapping standards\"}" } } ] }, { "role": "tool", "content": "{\"success\": true, \"summary\": \"🔍 搜索查询: \\\"hypsometric tinting\\\" \\\"elevation color scheme\\\" USGS topographic mapping standards\\n📅 搜索时间: 2025-11-03T11:13:52.114850\\n🎯 过滤条件: Topic: general\\n\\n📝 AI摘要:\\nHypsometric tinting is a method for representing elevation using color gradients. USGS topographic maps adhere to strict standards for accuracy and appearance. Hypsometric tinting is used in USGS topographic mapping.\\n\\n---\\n\\n📊 搜索结果:\\n\\n1. [PDF] GIS Cartography: A Guide to Effective Map Design\\n 🔗 https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/gis_cartography.pdf\\n 📄 Figure 5.12 This elevation color scheme does not follow any of the usual low to high color ... Hypsometric tinting can be used for these maps just as with any\\n\\n2. [PDF] GIS Cartography - National Academic Digital Library of Ethiopia\\n 🔗 http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/49121/1/Gretchen%20N.%20Peterson-GIS%20Cartography_%20A%20Guide%20to%20Effective%20Map%20Design-CRC%20Press%20%282014%29.pdf\\n 📄 This elevation color scheme does not follow any of the usual low-to-high ... with hypsometric tinting (shaded contour map or shaded isoline map), which\\n\\n3. Visualizing the transportation effects of urban mercantilism: Eastern ...\\n 🔗 https://search.proquest.com/openview/11cf1f1fe9aeb479e0115532c2d8c12e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750\\n 📄 110Figure 3-11: Elevation Color Scheme ... elevations, and used the single alpine class for all heights over 2625 feet (800 meters), as is common in hypsometric\\n\\n4. Topographic Maps Standards and Specifications - USGS.gov\\n 🔗 https://www.usgs.gov/ngp-standards-and-specifications/topographic-maps-standards-and-specifications\\n 📄 NGP Standards and Specifications \\n\\n Home\\n Standards and Specifications\\n 3D Elevation Program\\n Hydrography\\n Topographic Maps\\n Supporting Themes\\n\\n Publications\\n News\\n A...\\n\\n5. Topographic Mapping | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov\\n 🔗 https://www.usgs.gov/educational-resources/topographic-mapping\\n 📄 The USGS is the principal agency developing standards and coordinating other matters related to Federal digital cartographic data. The National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB) was established b...\\n\\n6. NGP Standards and Specifications | U.S. Geological Survey\\n 🔗 https://www.usgs.gov/ngp-standards-and-specifications\\n 📄 This document defines a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital topographic map. This map product series, named “US Topo,” is modeled on the now historical USGS\\n\\n7. US Topo Standards | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov\\n 🔗 https://www.usgs.gov/ngp-standards-and-specifications/us-topo-standards\\n 📄 US Topo is a digital topographic map based on the 1:24000-scale quadrangle design containing orthoimagery, shaded relief, and data from the\\n\\n8. US Topo Product Standard | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov\\n 🔗 https://www.usgs.gov/publications/us-topo-product-standard\\n 📄 This document defines a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital topographic map. This map product series, named “US Topo,” is modeled on the\\n\\n9. Topographic Maps | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov\\n 🔗 https://www.usgs.gov/programs/national-geospatial-program/topographic-maps\\n 📄 Historically, USGS topographic maps were made using data from primary sources including direct field observations. Those maps were compiled, drawn, and edited by hand. By today's standards, those trad...\\n\\n10. Historical Topographic Map Collection Standards and Specifications\\n 🔗 https://www.usgs.gov/ngp-standards-and-specifications/historical-topographic-map-collection-standards-and-specifications\\n 📄 This document provides the detailed requirements for producing, archiving, and disseminating a comprehensive digital collection of topographic maps.\", \"filters\": {\"topic\": \"general\"}, \"query\": \"\\\"hypsometric tinting\\\" \\\"elevation color scheme\\\" USGS topographic mapping standards\", \"results\": [{\"index\": 1, \"title\": \"[PDF] GIS Cartography: A Guide to Effective Map Design\", \"url\": \"https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/gis_cartography.pdf\", \"content\": \"Figure 5.12 This elevation color scheme does not follow any of the usual low to high color ... Hypsometric tinting can be used for these maps just as with any\", \"score\": 0.6301622, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 2, \"title\": \"[PDF] GIS Cartography - National Academic Digital Library of Ethiopia\", \"url\": \"http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/49121/1/Gretchen%20N.%20Peterson-GIS%20Cartography_%20A%20Guide%20to%20Effective%20Map%20Design-CRC%20Press%20%282014%29.pdf\", \"content\": \"This elevation color scheme does not follow any of the usual low-to-high ... with hypsometric tinting (shaded contour map or shaded isoline map), which\", \"score\": 0.6255073, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 3, \"title\": \"Visualizing the transportation effects of urban mercantilism: Eastern ...\", \"url\": \"https://search.proquest.com/openview/11cf1f1fe9aeb479e0115532c2d8c12e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750\", \"content\": \"110Figure 3-11: Elevation Color Scheme ... elevations, and used the single alpine class for all heights over 2625 feet (800 meters), as is common in hypsometric\", \"score\": 0.5602773, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 4, \"title\": \"Topographic Maps Standards and Specifications - USGS.gov\", \"url\": \"https://www.usgs.gov/ngp-standards-and-specifications/topographic-maps-standards-and-specifications\", \"content\": \"NGP Standards and Specifications \\n\\n Home\\n Standards and Specifications\\n 3D Elevation Program\\n Hydrography\\n Topographic Maps\\n Supporting Themes\\n\\n Publications\\n News\\n About\\n\\nTopographic maps are general-use maps at medium scales that present elevation (contour lines), hydrography, geographic place names, and a variety of cultural features.\\n\\nUSGS standard documents define USGS topographic maps. [...] USGS specification documents define the detailed requirements for producing USGS topographic maps.\\n\\n### OnDemand Topo: Custom or On-Grid Maps\\n\\nImage 5: Carousel Sized portion of a 2023 7.5-Minute OnDemand Topo map\\n\\nOnDemand Topos are USGS topographic maps generated on demand using the topoBuilder application.\\n\\nGet Documents\\n\\n### US Topo: Maps for America\\n\\nImage 6: Thumbnail image of portion of the 2015 US Topo Map for Boston, MA\\n\\nThe USGS digital topographic map series, named “US Topo”. [...] Topographic Maps Standards and Specifications | U.S. Geological Survey\\n\\nSkip to main content\\n\\nImage 1: U.S. flag\\n\\nAn official website of the United States government\\n\\nHere's how you know\\n\\nHere's how you know\\n\\nImage 2: Dot gov\\n\\nOfficial websites use .gov\\n\\n A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\\n\\nImage 3: Https\\n\\nSecure .gov websites use HTTPS\", \"score\": 0.42419788, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 5, \"title\": \"Topographic Mapping | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov\", \"url\": \"https://www.usgs.gov/educational-resources/topographic-mapping\", \"content\": \"The USGS is the principal agency developing standards and coordinating other matters related to Federal digital cartographic data. The National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB) was established by the USGS to distribute digital data that meet these standards for use in map production and in automated systems. [...] ground). Vertical testing requires that at least 90 percent of the elevations tested must be accurate to within one-half the map's contour interval. For example, on a map with a contour interval of 10 feet, tested points must be within 5 feet of the actual elevation. These and other standards of accuracy and content ensure consistency in both the detail and the appearance of maps. They also ensure compatibility among USGS maps made at different times. [...] The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) produced its first topographic map in 1879, the same year it was established. Today, more than 100 years and millions of map copies later, topographic mapping is still a central activity for the USGS. The topographic map remains an indispensable tool for government, science, industry, and leisure.\", \"score\": 0.3929196, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 6, \"title\": \"NGP Standards and Specifications | U.S. Geological Survey\", \"url\": \"https://www.usgs.gov/ngp-standards-and-specifications\", \"content\": \"This document defines a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital topographic map. This map product series, named “US Topo,” is modeled on the now historical USGS\", \"score\": 0.35810664, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 7, \"title\": \"US Topo Standards | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov\", \"url\": \"https://www.usgs.gov/ngp-standards-and-specifications/us-topo-standards\", \"content\": \"US Topo is a digital topographic map based on the 1:24000-scale quadrangle design containing orthoimagery, shaded relief, and data from the\", \"score\": 0.30744168, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 8, \"title\": \"US Topo Product Standard | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov\", \"url\": \"https://www.usgs.gov/publications/us-topo-product-standard\", \"content\": \"This document defines a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital topographic map. This map product series, named “US Topo,” is modeled on the\", \"score\": 0.30182534, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 9, \"title\": \"Topographic Maps | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov\", \"url\": \"https://www.usgs.gov/programs/national-geospatial-program/topographic-maps\", \"content\": \"Historically, USGS topographic maps were made using data from primary sources including direct field observations. Those maps were compiled, drawn, and edited by hand. By today's standards, those traditional methods are very expensive and time-consuming, and the USGS no longer has funding to make maps that way. A new USGS topographic map series was launched in 2009 and branded \\\" US Topo.\\\" Though...\\n\\nHow do US Topo maps differ from historical USGS topographic maps? [...] Historically, USGS topographic maps were made using data from primary sources including direct field observations. Those maps were compiled, drawn, and edited by hand. By today's standards, those traditional methods are very expensive and time-consuming, and the USGS no longer has funding to make maps that way. A new USGS topographic map series was launched in 2009 and branded \\\" US Topo.\\\" Though...\\n\\nHow do US Topo maps differ from historical USGS topographic maps? [...] #### How do US Topo maps differ from historical USGS topographic maps?\\n\\nHistorically, USGS topographic maps were made using data from primary sources including direct field observations. Those maps were compiled, drawn, and edited by hand. By today's standards, those traditional methods are very expensive and time-consuming, and the USGS no longer has funding to make maps that way. A new USGS topographic map series was launched in 2009 and branded \\\" US Topo.\\\" Though...\\n\\nLearn More\", \"score\": 0.27022213, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 10, \"title\": \"Historical Topographic Map Collection Standards and Specifications\", \"url\": \"https://www.usgs.gov/ngp-standards-and-specifications/historical-topographic-map-collection-standards-and-specifications\", \"content\": \"This document provides the detailed requirements for producing, archiving, and disseminating a comprehensive digital collection of topographic maps.\", \"score\": 0.1795165, \"published_date\": \"\"}], \"total_results\": 10}", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:52.118307", "tool_call_id": "web_search:3", "name": "web_search" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "让我搜索更多关于传统地形图配色和学术标准的信息。", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:55.846419" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:13:55.853327", "tool_calls": [ { "id": "web_search:4", "index": 0, "type": "function", "function": { "name": "web_search", "arguments": "{\"max_results\": 10, \"query\": \"地形图配色标准 高程色彩 \\\"elevation coloring\\\" \\\"terrain color scheme\\\" cartographic standards\"}" } } ] }, { "role": "tool", "content": "{\"success\": true, \"summary\": \"🔍 搜索查询: 地形图配色标准 高程色彩 \\\"elevation coloring\\\" \\\"terrain color scheme\\\" cartographic standards\\n📅 搜索时间: 2025-11-03T11:14:01.680748\\n🎯 过滤条件: Topic: general\\n\\n📝 AI摘要:\\nElevation on topographic maps is typically shown using hypsometric tints, with colors transitioning from green for lowlands to brown for mid-elevations and gray for peaks. Standard color schemes mimic natural terrain features. Different hues represent varying elevation ranges.\\n\\n---\\n\\n📊 搜索结果:\\n\\n1. Terrain cartography - Wikipedia\\n 🔗 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain_cartography\\n 📄 Hypsometric tints (also called layer tinting, elevation tinting, elevation coloring, or hysometric coloring) are colors placed between contour lines to indicate elevation. These tints are shown as ban...\\n\\n2. 9 Creative Color Schemes for Elevation Data That Reveal Hidden ...\\n 🔗 https://www.maplibrary.org/1508/creative-color-schemes-for-elevation-data/\\n 📄 Traditional terrain visualization relies on earth-tone gradients to create intuitive elevation representations. Start with deep olive greens (RGB: 85,107,47) for lowlands progressing through khaki (RG...\\n\\n3. 空间数据可视化与R 语言（上篇） - Xiangyun Huang | 黄湘云\\n 🔗 https://xiangyun.rbind.io/2022/02/maps-in-r/\\n 📄 美国西南部犹他州锡安国家公园的高程珊格数据 elevation，该数据集由 Jakub Nowosad 收集于 spDataLarge 包内，由于该 R 包收集的地理信息数据很多又很大，超出了 CRAN 对 R 包的大小限制，因此，需要从作者制作的 drat 站点下载。\\n\\n```\\n\\\"spDataLarge\\\"\\\"\\n```\\n\\nelevation 数据集通过雷达地形测绘 SRTM (Shuttle Rad...\\n\\n4. Color Use Guidelines for Mapping and Visualization\\n 🔗 https://web.natur.cuni.cz/~langhamr/lectures/vtfg1/mapinfo_2/barvy/colors.html\\n 📄 The scheme guidelines are limited to the use of color to directly\\nrepresent data that occur at locations in the graphic where colors occur.\\nThe types of thematic maps to which these guidelines apply a...\\n\\n5. Colours used for elevation Height differences? : r/mapmaking - Reddit\\n 🔗 https://www.reddit.com/r/mapmaking/comments/4683kf/colours_used_for_elevation_height_differences/\\n 📄 The colors used normally try and mimic an aspect of the natural land cover (ex. brown and beige for deserts, green and brown for forested\\n\\n6. Map Colors: The Ultimate Guide [6 Essential Colors]\\n 🔗 https://www.greenbelly.co/pages/map-colors?srsltid=AfmBOorzqP4YZAMDrpNxjaknwsl9Us7hDMiJtDCrNmxXnUanG8bjB3qD\\n 📄 Anyone who needs to analyze an area's geographical features and elevation changes uses these maps (hunters, hikers, architects, engineers, city planners etc.). A hiker that knows how to navigate using...\\n\\n7. Color for Aspect-Slope Mapping | Cynthia A. Brewer\\n 🔗 https://sites.psu.edu/cbrewer/home/fugitive-publications/color-for-aspect-slope-mapping/\\n 📄 throughout the scheme (among all 25 map categories). These lightness sequences approximated relief shading and were crucial for visualization of the shape of a continuous terrain surface. Use of the...\\n\\n8. Better colors for better mapping - Esri\\n 🔗 https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/js-api-arcgis/mapping/better-colors-for-better-mapping\\n 📄 soon as possible. [...] Thanks for reading!\\n\\nShare this article\\n\\nKristian Ekenes [...] Since these pages are brand new, we’re seeking your feedback for relevant content and UX/UI improvements. If you ...\\n\\n9. [PDF] 承德殊像寺评估报告\\n 🔗 https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/shuxiang_vol1_1.pdf\\n 📄 hoped that this methodology, though intensive and requiring considerable resources to achieve, will serve as a model for other sites, not only at Chengde but also elsewhere in China. 盖蒂保护研究所，2006年 Get...\\n\\n10. Hongkong Land Riverone, Chongqing by Wisto Design - mooool\\n 🔗 https://mooool.com/hongkong-land-riverone-chongqing-by-wisto-design.html\\n 📄 纬图在结合前期SWA所提出的“抽取山水几何形态，将群山与江流用景观流线与形态重新演绎”的概念思路基础上，进行多轮优化精细设计，完成方案及施工图设计，确保\", \"filters\": {\"topic\": \"general\"}, \"query\": \"地形图配色标准 高程色彩 \\\"elevation coloring\\\" \\\"terrain color scheme\\\" cartographic standards\", \"results\": [{\"index\": 1, \"title\": \"Terrain cartography - Wikipedia\", \"url\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain_cartography\", \"content\": \"Hypsometric tints (also called layer tinting, elevation tinting, elevation coloring, or hysometric coloring) are colors placed between contour lines to indicate elevation. These tints are shown as bands of color in a graduated scheme or as a color scheme applied to contour lines themselves; either method is considered a type of Isarithmic map. Hypsometric tinting of maps and globes is often accompanied by a similar method of bathymetric tinting to convey differences in water depth. [...] 8. ^ Eduard Imhof (2007). Cartographic relief presentation. Esri Pr. ISBN \\\"ISBN (identifier)\\\") 978-1-58948-026-1.\\n9. ^ Jenny, Bernhard; Hurni, Lorenz (2006). \\\"Swiss-Style Colour Relief Shading Modulated by Elevation and by Exposure to Illumination\\\". The Cartographic Journal. 43 (3): 198–207. Bibcode \\\"Bibcode (identifier)\\\"):2006CartJ..43..198J. doi \\\"Doi (identifier)\\\"):10.1179/000870406X158164. [...] Terrain cartography or relief mapping is the depiction of the shape of the surface of the Earth on a map, using one or more of several techniques that have been developed. Terrain or relief is an essential aspect of physical geography, and as such its portrayal presents a central problem in cartographic design, and more recently geographic information systems and geovisualization.\\n\\n## Hill profiles\\n\\n[edit]\", \"score\": 0.7940821, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 2, \"title\": \"9 Creative Color Schemes for Elevation Data That Reveal Hidden ...\", \"url\": \"https://www.maplibrary.org/1508/creative-color-schemes-for-elevation-data/\", \"content\": \"Traditional terrain visualization relies on earth-tone gradients to create intuitive elevation representations. Start with deep olive greens (RGB: 85,107,47) for lowlands progressing through khaki (RGB: 189,183,107) for middle elevations. Transition to rich umbers (RGB: 130,102,68) for higher terrain then shift to cool grays (RGB: 169,169,169) for peaks. Use subtle value changes between adjacent elevation bands to maintain smooth visual transitions while preserving clear height differentiation. [...] Match color schemes to real-world terrain characteristics for enhanced realism. Apply darker greens (RGB: 34,139,34) in valleys where vegetation thrives then blend to tans (RGB: 210,180,140) for arid slopes. Incorporate bluish-whites (RGB: 240,248,255) for snow-capped peaks above the tree line. Add subtle shadows on north-facing slopes using transparency overlays to enhance depth perception. This method creates immediate visual recognition by connecting map colors to users’ real-world [...] Color theory in cartography relies on three key principles: contrast sequential organization and visual hierarchy. For elevation maps effective color schemes use hue to represent different height ranges saturation to show intensity changes and value to indicate elevation transitions. Start with base colors that match your data range then apply color harmonies like complementary or analogous schemes to create visual flow. Professional mapping software like ArcGIS and QGIS offers pre-built color\", \"score\": 0.6219319, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 3, \"title\": \"空间数据可视化与R 语言（上篇） - Xiangyun Huang | 黄湘云\", \"url\": \"https://xiangyun.rbind.io/2022/02/maps-in-r/\", \"content\": \"美国西南部犹他州锡安国家公园的高程珊格数据 elevation，该数据集由 Jakub Nowosad 收集于 spDataLarge 包内，由于该 R 包收集的地理信息数据很多又很大，超出了 CRAN 对 R 包的大小限制，因此，需要从作者制作的 drat 站点下载。\\n\\n```\\n\\\"spDataLarge\\\"\\\"\\n```\\n\\nelevation 数据集通过雷达地形测绘 SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) 获得，其分辨率为 90m × 90m，属于高精度地形网格数据，更多细节描述见 ，下图 2.9 将公园的地形清晰地展示出来了，读者不妨再借助维基百科词条 () 从整体上了解该公园的情况，结合丰富的实景图可以获得更加直观的感受。\\n\\n图 2.9: terra 包绘制锡安国家公园地形\\n\\nR 软件内置的调色板 `terrain.colors()` 专用于地形图配色，从翠绿色、土黄色、沙白色，无不暗示海拔变化，读者不妨想象一下，山上的树呈翠绿色，山腰的砂石土块呈土黄色，山脚的河床小路呈沙白色，十分符合我国南方的丘陵山地印象。\\n\\n# 3 可视化包 [...] world 包含 177 个国家和地区的人口数据，area\\\\_km2 面积、pop 人口（2014 年）、lifeExp 人均寿命（2014 年）和 gdpPercap 人均 GDP （2014 年）。地理信息相关的数据有 iso\\\\_a2 国标 ISO 的国家编码，name\\\\_long 国家名字，continent 大洲名字，region\\\\_un 区域名称，subregion 子区域名称和 type 类型。数据收集自美国国家地理网站 Natural Earth 和世界银行 World Bank，Jakub Nowosad 整理在 spData 包里。\\n\\n```\\n\\\"gdpPercap\\\"\\n```\\n\\n图 4.4: 2014 年世界各国人均 GDP\\n\\nspData 包内置的 world 数据集将台湾和中国大陆的地区用不同的颜色标记，严格来讲，这是不符合国家地图规范的，不能出现在期刊、书籍等正式的出版物里。\\n\\n# 5 数据操作 [...] 假设这个点是球面上的一个点，球面的参照系为世界大地测量系统（World Geodetic System），1984 年由美国国家地理空间情报局（National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency）建立和维护，简称 WGS 84，被全球定位系统采用。WGS 84 另一个响亮的名字是 EPSG:4326，EPSG 是欧洲石油调查组织（European Petroleum Survey Group）的简称。在 Web 电子地图上，常将 WGS 84 下的经纬度映射为平面上的点，即将坐标系映射到 EPSG:3857，相应地，坐标单位从经纬度转为米。\", \"score\": 0.5313802, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 4, \"title\": \"Color Use Guidelines for Mapping and Visualization\", \"url\": \"https://web.natur.cuni.cz/~langhamr/lectures/vtfg1/mapinfo_2/barvy/colors.html\", \"content\": \"The scheme guidelines are limited to the use of color to directly\\nrepresent data that occur at locations in the graphic where colors occur.\\nThe types of thematic maps to which these guidelines apply are choropleth\\nmaps (for example, census tracts filled with colors representing the percentage\\nof the population from an ethnic group), filled isoline maps (for example,\\ncolor bands that mark set ranges of terrain elevation), and qualitative [...] areal-extent maps (for example, different colors for different types of\\nvegetation). My hope is that these guidelines and the associated terminology\\nwill also guide the work of people grappling with data visualization challenges\\nin diverse disciplines such as physics, medicine, psychology, and graphic\\narts. [...] lands (binary) is well suited by a qualitative/binary color scheme.\", \"score\": 0.4804549, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 5, \"title\": \"Colours used for elevation Height differences? : r/mapmaking - Reddit\", \"url\": \"https://www.reddit.com/r/mapmaking/comments/4683kf/colours_used_for_elevation_height_differences/\", \"content\": \"The colors used normally try and mimic an aspect of the natural land cover (ex. brown and beige for deserts, green and brown for forested\", \"score\": 0.39431813, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 6, \"title\": \"Map Colors: The Ultimate Guide [6 Essential Colors]\", \"url\": \"https://www.greenbelly.co/pages/map-colors?srsltid=AfmBOorzqP4YZAMDrpNxjaknwsl9Us7hDMiJtDCrNmxXnUanG8bjB3qD\", \"content\": \"Anyone who needs to analyze an area's geographical features and elevation changes uses these maps (hunters, hikers, architects, engineers, city planners etc.). A hiker that knows how to navigate using a topographic map and a compass has a strong survival kit in their back pocket.\\n\\nHere are some basics to read and understand contour maps:\\n\\nTopographic map colors follow the color scheme outlined above, too. Contour lines are marked in brown. [...] General reference maps are easy to navigate and detail major features of an area like highways, street names, parks, bodies of water, national parks, and historical landmarks.\\n\\nGeneral reference maps follow the same color scheme outlined above. But, instead of contour lines, general reference maps are more likely to use simple color shading to express elevation.\\n\\ntourist mapTourist maps are considered General Reference Maps\\n\\ntourist map\\n\\n2. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS: USED TO INDICATE ELEVATION CHANGES [...] Though different types of maps may use more colors or various shades of colors to show details about an area, most maps worldwide follow a set primary color scheme when identifying physical or man-made features.\\n\\n## Map Colors\\n\\nMaps may have more or fewer colors depending on what they are representing, but typically, the following six colors show the same topographical features across maps:\\n\\nmeaning of brown map color\\n\\nBROWN: CONTOUR LINES AND ELEVATION\", \"score\": 0.35655922, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 7, \"title\": \"Color for Aspect-Slope Mapping | Cynthia A. Brewer\", \"url\": \"https://sites.psu.edu/cbrewer/home/fugitive-publications/color-for-aspect-slope-mapping/\", \"content\": \"throughout the scheme (among all 25 map categories). These lightness sequences approximated relief shading and were crucial for visualization of the shape of a continuous terrain surface. Use of the HVC color system allowed easy specification of 25 colors that accurately met these interlinked color-appearance criteria. Our aspect/slope color scheme allows accurate terrain visualization while simultaneously categorizing the surface into explicit aspect and slope classes represented within a [...] throughout the scheme (among all 25 map categories). These lightness sequences approximated relief shading and were crucial for visualization of the shape of a continuous terrain surface. Use of the HVC color system allowed easy specification of 25 colors that accurately met these interlinked color-appearance criteria. Our aspect/slope color scheme allows accurate terrain visualization while simultaneously categorizing the surface into explicit aspect and slope classes represented within a [...] that approximated relief shading. Thus, yellow, the lightest hue, was used for northwest-facing slopes and dark blue was used for southeast-facing slopes. The remaining categories were colored with saturated hues from an ordered progression around the hue circle (yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, red, orange).\", \"score\": 0.31254882, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 8, \"title\": \"Better colors for better mapping - Esri\", \"url\": \"https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/js-api-arcgis/mapping/better-colors-for-better-mapping\", \"content\": \"soon as possible. [...] Thanks for reading!\\n\\nShare this article\\n\\nKristian Ekenes [...] Since these pages are brand new, we’re seeking your feedback for relevant content and UX/UI improvements. If you have any requests for enhancements, notice bugs, or have issues with the UX, please respond using the email feedback link at the bottom of the guide page. You can also create a more public post on GeoNet where collaboration from Esri staff and fellow users can help improve the content. We’re already aware of some room for improvement and will work to roll those improvements out as\", \"score\": 0.14512776, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 9, \"title\": \"[PDF] 承德殊像寺评估报告\", \"url\": \"https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/shuxiang_vol1_1.pdf\", \"content\": \"hoped that this methodology, though intensive and requiring considerable resources to achieve, will serve as a model for other sites, not only at Chengde but also elsewhere in China. 盖蒂保护研究所，2006年 Getty Conservation Institute, 2006 承德殊像寺评估报告 Assessment Report on Shuxiang Temple, Chengde 7 殊像寺项目的缘起 Background to the Project for Shuxiang Temple 一、中国历史文物概况 1. Background to China’s History and Heritage 中国是一个有5000多年不曾中断的文化传统的多民族国家，现有文物点30余万处。其中国务 院公布的全国重点文物保护单位有1268处； 世界遗产31处，数量居世界第三位。从1982年起，国 [...] 7、为推动承德项目的开展，盖蒂保护所邀请了承德市文物局的李林俐和河北省文物局的王 辉在2004年8月到美国盖蒂保护所进行考察学习，并与盖蒂保护所的工作人员就完成《评估报告》 的工作进行了四周的合作。承德市文物局赵玲副局长对盖蒂保护所进行了一周的考察并讨论了殊 像寺的《评估报告》。在盖蒂保护所期间，赵玲副局长还与盖蒂方面为11月在承德召开的专家研 讨会作了准备工作。 12 序言、项目的背景、前言 Foreword, Background, and Introduction 7. During the month of August, 2004, one CCHB staff member (Li Linli) and one Hebei Provincial Bureau staff member (Wang Hui) spent four weeks at the GCI working with GCI staff on the completion of the draft assessment report. Deputy Director Zhao Ling visited [...] 正如《准则》序言所述，《准则》与外方合作编纂的基础首先源于美国盖蒂保护研究所与中 国国家文物局长期合作的良好关系。10多年来盖蒂保护所通过与国家文物局的合作形式在中国甘 8 序言、项目的背景、前言 Foreword, Background, and Introduction 肃省莫高窟等地进行了多项科学研究、文物保护和人员培训工作。1997年5月，中国国家文物局 要求盖蒂保护所对中国编写文物保护宪章提供协助。同时中国方面亦考虑到由国际古迹遗址理事 会澳大利亚委员会编写的《巴拉宪章》在澳大利亚的文化遗产保护工作中起了重要的作用，借鉴 《巴拉宪章》的编写经验将有益于中国的工作。这样，在1997年10月，中国国家文物局、美国盖 蒂保护所和澳大利亚遗产委员会在北京召开会议，开始了三方的合作。 As stated in the introduction to the China Principles, external cooperation in the writing of the Principles originated from the excellent long-term\", \"score\": 0.05880369, \"published_date\": \"\"}, {\"index\": 10, \"title\": \"Hongkong Land Riverone, Chongqing by Wisto Design - mooool\", \"url\": \"https://mooool.com/hongkong-land-riverone-chongqing-by-wisto-design.html\", \"content\": \"纬图在结合前期SWA所提出的“抽取山水几何形态，将群山与江流用景观流线与形态重新演绎”的概念思路基础上，进行多轮优化精细设计，完成方案及施工图设计，确保\", \"score\": 0.027861731, \"published_date\": \"\"}], \"total_results\": 10}", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:14:01.685322", "tool_call_id": "web_search:4", "name": "web_search" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "现在让我创建一个文件来整理这些信息，为您提供学术上高程数据可视化的地形配色方案。", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:14:05.505688" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:14:05.511489", "tool_calls": [ { "id": "create_file:5", "index": 0, "type": "function", "function": { "name": "create_file", "arguments": "{\"path\": \"高程数据可视化地形配色方案.md\", \"file_type\": \"md\", \"annotation\": \"学术上高程数据可视化的地形配色方案整理\"}" } } ] }, { "role": "user", "content": "直接告诉我结果", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:14:14.295988" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "根据我的研究，学术上高程数据可视化中地形配色的主要方案如下：\n\n## 传统标准配色（Hypsometric Tinting）\n\n**基本规律：从低到高**\n- **低地（0-200m）**：深橄榄绿 RGB(85,107,47) 或翠绿色\n- **中低海拔（200-500m）**：卡其色 RGB(189,183,107) \n- **中海拔（500-1000m）**：黄土色/土黄色\n- **中高海拔（1000-2000m）**：深褐色 RGB(130,102,68)\n- **高山（2000m以上）**：冷灰色 RGB(169,169,169) 或灰白色\n- **雪线以上**：蓝白色 RGB(240,248,255)\n\n## 学术标准来源\n\n1. **USGS标准**：美国地质调查局地形图标准，采用自然色调渐变\n2. **瑞士制图学派**：强调色彩的自然对应关系\n3. **R语言terrain.colors()**：内置地形配色，从翠绿→土黄→沙白\n\n## 现代学术建议\n\n**关键原则**：\n- 色彩要符合自然地形特征（绿色植被→褐色土壤→灰色岩石）\n- 相邻色带要有明显区分度\n- 考虑色盲友好性\n- 保持视觉层次清晰\n\n**实用建议**：\n- 低地用绿色系（植被）\n- 山地用褐色系（土壤岩石）\n- 高山用灰色系（裸岩）\n- 雪顶用蓝白色系\n\n这种配色方案在学术文献中被称为\"hypsometric tinting\"或\"elevation coloring\"，是最广泛接受的高程可视化标准。", "timestamp": "2025-11-03T11:14:26.186534" } ], "todo_list": null, "metadata": { "project_path": "/opt/agent/agents/users/jojo/project", "project_relative_path": "users/jojo/project", "thinking_mode": true, "total_messages": 20, "total_tools": 11, "status": "active" }, "token_statistics": { "total_input_tokens": 186779, "total_output_tokens": 1199, "updated_at": "2025-11-03T13:56:35.402569" } }